The Scientific Revolution Test Review

Welcome, welcome! It is yo girl emilia, and I am here today to help my fellow classmates with a review for our World History test tomorrow over the Scientific Revolution. We have a lot to get covered, so let's start reviewing:

Pre- Revolution

The Scientific Revolution was a period of improvements with scientific thoughts, and philosophy lasting from the Early 1500s (overlapping with the Renaissance) to the late 1700s. Before the Renaissance, there was some seriously messed up scientific thought. What I mean by that is that before the Renaissance and Scientific Revolution, scientific thought was based around the Earth being flat and the Geocentric Theory (The theory that Earth is the center of the universe). These thoughts were based on Aristotelian-medieval ideas. The Scientific Revolution allows serious development with medicine and technology, which inspired and motivated generations to explore and research science. 

Space!

Remember how I said that a lot of people believed that Earth was in the center of the universe? (Geocentric Theory) Well, my fellow Polish dude, Nicholaus Copernicus is credited with creating the Heliocentric Theory (The theory that the sun is the center of the universe/solar system) He published his thoughts in his book called: "On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres". This is one of the first examples of people shifting away from the medieval Catholic Churches teachings and Aristotelian thought. Copernicus' teachings defied the Catholic Churches teachings, but he escaped being accused of heresy because he died 2 weeks before his book was published. After Copernicus, we have a dude named Tycho Brahe. Brahe backed up Copernicus' theory and made a model and observatory that proved Heliocentrism. Johannes Kepler was his assistant and he wrote the 3 laws of planetary motion (which explained that planet's orbits were elliptical). Kepler proved all of this with math! Finally, we have our Italian dude, Galileo Galilei. He was the first person to point a telescope at the SKY and study the moon. Galileo discovered the laws of motion, and while doing that, he disproved Aristotle's Pendulum Theory (This theory was that the pendulum slows down, eventually stopping at a resting point). Galileo disproved this theory, proving that it remains at a constant speed until affected by an outside force. Galileo wrote in his book, "The Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems", he talked about the heliocentric theory and other fun things he discovered about the moons of Jupiter. Remember, Galileo lived in Italy, so he was charged for Inquisition by the Catholic Church. He was forced to recant, take back everything he said, about heliocentricism. 

The Catholics vs The Protestants

With a huge 200 year period, the Scientific Revolution covers two huge eras: The Renaissance and Protest Reformation. The Catholic Church did not allow people to interpret the Bible, they were told that the earth was the center of the universe (Geocentric theory), and they didn't like it when people went against them. (*ahem* Copernicus, Kepler, Brahe, Galilei*ahem*) The Protestants allowed people to interpret the Bible on their own, this means that they could also research science on their own too. This does not mean that all Protestants were happy go lucky for science, it was just select groups of people. Okay, Catholics: not into researching science. Protestants: SOME researched science and published their ideas. 

Physics and Science Philosophy

SIR Isaac Newton is one of the most famous scientists because he "discovered" gravity (it's always been there guys) and wrote the universal laws of gravity. His famous book is Principia, he talked about math, physics, and graaaaaaaaaviiiiiittttyyy. He formulated a set of math laws to explain the movements of planets and he also invented a telescope to see the light. Francis Bacon created the scientific method (hypothesis, experimentation, and evaluation!) Bacon (what a great last name) gathered and ANALYZED data rather than making logic-based arguments. Rene Descartes is known as the "father of modern rationalism" and believed that matter and mind are separate. His famous quote was "I think, therefore I am.", this means that you must believe in your own existence as a starting point. His book was "Discourse on the Method".

Chemistry and Biology

In the Scientific Revolution, the innovations with biology and chemistry were HUGE, let's talk about it. Zacharias Janssen was the scientist to INVENT the microscope, Anton Van Leeuwenhoek was the scientist to LOOK at microorganisms with a microscope (also the father of microbiology). Galen was the scientist who dissected ANIMALS (specifically pigs and other mammals) to study the human body. He believed that a humans circulatory system and organs are similar to one of a pig's body. (That's a no from me fam). William Harvey was the scientist to DISPROVE Galen's theory, and he also discovered that the circulatory system had a circulatory motion around the body (wow). Andreas Vesalius is considered the father of anatomy and wrote "De Humani Corpus Fabrica", which proved that humans have veins. He also discovered that the heart was the organ that pumps blood and he also researched disection. Edward Jenner was the scientist who created the first vaccine for smallpox! He did this by researching farmers who had contracted COWPOX in the past and survived, which made them immune to smallpox. So he put a small amount of cowpox in the smallpox vaccine and it worked! (Just like how Flu vaccines have a small amount of the Flu virus in it). Evangelista Torricelli experimented with vacuums and invented the Barometer (which measures atmospheric pressure). Gabriel Fahrenheit and Andres Celsius discovered Fahrenheit and Celsius. (shocker) They also made the freezing point with both, 32 degrees in Fahrenheit, and 0 degrees in Celsius. Robert Boyles founded Boyle's Law (P1*V1=P2*V2), which is used in chemistry and it is one of the gas laws. Joseph Priestly is one of the three guys discovering Oxygen, but he also discovered SODA WATER! (Carbonated Water) Finally, Antoine Lavoisier wrote the Law Conservation of Mass and is credited with discovering Hydrogen.

Writers

Whew, that was a long list of scientists. Anyways, here are some influential writers during the Scientific Revolution. Mary Astell was a feminist and activist for women's rights. Her major book was "A Serious Proposal to the Ladies" which talked about her thought on equal rights. Mary Wollstonecraft was a feminist in England and wrote "A Vindication of the Rights of Women". Marie Therese Geoffrin was a teacher and made the idea of sharing ideas on women classy. She taught women civility and to have intelligent conversations in her parlors. Samuel Richardson was an English writer and his major work was a book called "Pamela" (that is seriously all you have to know). Daniel Defoe wrote, "Robinson Crusoe" (which is not like Robin Hood). Denis Diderot made an Encylopedia, where the articles mostly attacked, the old regime in France, Religious Intolerance, Unjust Taxation, and Government Absolutism. 

The Enlightenment

The Enlightenment was a part of the Scientific Revolution and it mostly involved reforms with political philosophy and world views. It was an intellectual and cultural movement that was a link between the scientific revolution and new world view, ideas include: people possess natural rights and freedoms, natural science and reason can explain everything, the scientists can explain the laws of human society, and progress is possible. All philosophers progressed society based on their thoughts on natural rights for everyone, but that "everyone" didn't include women. Women's rights were not a topic included among philosophers. Many people were influenced by these thoughts, but peasants had no effects with these thoughts because their main motive was survival. 

In France, philosophers called for an end to the Old Regime. This was the absolutism system with an absolutist monarch. Baron de Montesquieu said that governments should be split into three branches, executive, legislative, and judicial (checks and balances)(His book was called "The Spirit of Law"). Voltaire wrote the Letters on the English, which talks about how he praised England's constitutional monarchy and government. He spoke against the French government's censorship, justices, and how they had too much power. Voltaire also urged for religious freedom and the freedom of speech. 

In England, Thomas Hobbes was a philosopher who SUPPORTED absolutism. His major work was the Leviathan, and he believed that all humans were born selfish and wicked, people gave up their rights to a strong ruler for law and order, and that they couldn't complain about the ruler because the ruler and government are NOT apart of the social contract. He was AGAINST democratic governments. 

John Locke, on the other hand, wrote the Two Treatises of Government and he believed that all men are born with the natural rights to life, liberty, and property. He believed that people made a social contract to create a government and grant it limited powers. 

The differences between Hobbes' social contract and Locke's social contract

Hobbes:

He believed that people made a social contract to give up their freedoms to gain law and order. 

He believed that the ruler and government WERE NOT apart of the social government, so they don't have the right to complain about it. >:(

ABSOLUTIST

Locke:

People made a social contract to make a government and grant it limited powers.

The ruler and government WERE APART of the social contract.

"If the government, which was part of the contract, failed to protect these rights, the people have the right to overthrow the government."

DEMOCRACY

Jean Jacques Rosseau was a French philosopher who wrote a book CALLED "The Social Contract" (not to be confused with Locke and Hobbes) and it talked about direct democracy. Cesar Beccaira wrote a book called "Crimes and Punishments", where he talks about he is against the death penalty.  

Pure Science vs Applied Technology

So, looking back at all of these scientists above, we question if they were apart of the pure science category or applied technology. Pure technology is the pursuit of knowledge based on personal curiosity. Examples include Sir Isaac Newton, Copernicus, and Kepler. Applied Technology is where you create products that solve problems and help humanity. Example: Edward Jenner with the smallpox vaccine. 

Alright, this has taken me over 2 hours to write, I hope you found this helpful! Share this link with your friends so they can be prepared for this test :) Below is a link for a quizlet I made that has all of the scientists. Good luck on your test tomorrow!

Scientific Revolution Test

love, 

yo girl emilia

Social Media:

Instagram: @yogirlemilia or @emiliamrugala